Adapted from Dreeben, Robert, 1968, On What is Learned in School, Percheron Press, A Division of Eliot Werner Publications, Inc., Used with permission. The socialization of students through the use of school rules, including dress codes and uniforms, was also addressed. 2007), teens in the deviant groups tended to have lower self-esteem and life satisfaction compared to other groups, and also tended to have poor parenting. Moral education is a subject taught at all cycles of school in Quebec. What are peer groups and what does social identity mean? WebExamples of Socialization 1. Raby (2005, 2008) and Raby and Domitrek (2007) argue that the school is a place where young people are socialized, but that top-down rule making assumes passive citizenship where students are relatively powerless. It can be difficult for teachers to be warm and supportive when behavioural disruptions from students make it challenging for the teacher to perform his or her instructional role (Jennings and Greenberg 2009). The names given to peer groups usually correspond greatly to their style of dress (particularly in the case of girls) and tastes in leisure activities. But why would home schooled children be better socialized, as many American proponents have indicated? And they appear to be functioning effectively as members of adult society (p. 119). Canadian studies of the outcomes associated with home schooling are much less plentiful than in the United States, where the home schooling movement has been growing rapidly. As noted earlier, at the core of these zones are school rules, to which we now turn. Box 6.3 Zero Tolerance Policies in Canadian Schools. Some schools encourage active citizenship wherein students participate in creating and modifying schools codes of conduct, and other aspects of their schooling, including course content. During the process of cultural conformity, children learn about accepted perspectives and styles of expression. The majority of these codes tend to focus on issues surrounding dress codes and behaviour toward other students, teachers, and staff, while some include zero tolerance policies. Look on the internet for official curriculum documents about moral education in Canada. 2. If she shows too much of her body, males will become distracted (which is her fault). There is one teacher for a large group of children and the relationship with the teacher is less personal than a childparent relationship. Students may not touch other students. Learning the expected appropriate behaviours and values of the schools system is a complex ongoing process of socialization. Personal histories of students are ignored and therefore students do not carry the stigma of past experiences with them in the school. The outer ring consists of implicit moral instruction, where students are provided with moral exemplars in more sophisticated ways, such as through the curriculum of history and literature. However, Brendgen, Wanner, and Vitaro (2006) found that teacher verbal abuse actually contributed to future adolescent delinquent behaviour in their 17-year cohort study in Quebec, which tracked children from kindergarten to age 23. Streaming not only serves to increase the efficiency of teaching and classroom management, but also results in social groupings of students that have significant social meaning within and outside of the school. Victims also tend to experience irritability (Sharp 1995), anxiety (Olweus 1978; Salmon and James 1998; Sharp 1995; Slee 1994), and anger and self-pity (Borg 1998). Davies and Aurini (2003) argue that Canadian parents who home schooled advocated for pedagogical individualismin other words, home schooling allowed them to cater to their childs individual learning styles and interestssomething that would not be possible in a classroom of 25 (or more) students. What has changed, however, is the larger proportion of boys without male parents in the home. A possible reason for this is that teachers may talk in staff meetings about students whom they perceive as problematic, which may influence future teachers interactions with those students. It should be noted that informal mechanisms of streaming, however, can also be understood as the outcomes of other schooling practices that occur at the level of the institution. Students will be required to sit still during lessons. [S]tudents who aspire to careers that involve the development, production, teaching and study of more complex texts need to register in this course sequence. The table above shows the differences and similarities between the curricula of the two streams. In April 2010, it was announced that the teachers would no longer be employed at the high school. Brint (1998) notes that young children, for example, may be assigned reading material that warns of the consequences of not having such virtues. Canadian researchers have examined the meanness of girls in relation to their popularity (Currie and Kelly 2006; Currie, Kelly, and Pomerantz 2007). Arai (2000) found in a study of Canadian parents who home schooled their children that most indicated that they objected to specific parts of public education rather than the institution as a whole. Since 2007 in Ontario and 2005 in Alberta, character education has been part of the official curriculum in public schools. Some explanations of this biological destiny are based on evolutionary theory (Geary 1996), hormonal differences (Kimura and Hampson 1994), and brain physiology (Baron-Cohen 2003), all suggesting that the basis of differential performance by sex was based on some feature of the brain that was unchangeable. What are the rationales given for dress codes and school uniforms? Not all school violence is overt. This, in turn, influenced students motivation and performance. The topics that children learn about and how they are presented are just one way that school acts as a socializing agent. Girls who were verbally abused by teachers during childhood were also less likely to finish high school (Brendgen et al. Socialization that occurs within the family, where children first learn their own individual identity, acquire language, and develop cognitive skills. More participatory models of school rule enforcement and creation do exist, however, such as in alternative schools (see Box 6.4). As more schools are trying to instill healthy eating habits and becoming more environmentally conscious, many have adopted rules that prohibit the bringing of certain products to school. 2004). In other words, inherent to such arguments are notions that only men can teach to male students and that the loss of males from the profession and the subsequent lowering of boys scores relative to girls is evidence of how feminization of the school is harming boys (Froese-Germain 2006). Asked about the inappropriateness of their behaviour, one student was quoted as saying, Theyre not setting a good example if theyre going to be doing that. Characteristics of the school, teachers, and the peer group all influence the socialization of children within school settings. Language arts and science, as mentioned above, are also often divided into applied and academic trajectories. WebSchools and Socialization into Social Class. Examples-socialization must occur for a high school freshman to adjust to their new situation. In this chapter, the complex role of socialization within schools was introduced. What role does school climate play in student socialization? The school, like Won Ska, has a high retention rate. An analysis of the relationship between character and citizenship education revealed that the overarching message was to promote assimilation into Canadian society (Winton 2007).4. Of course, popularity is a factor in social identity. Students also learn their gender at school. As discussed later in this chapter, school rules and school codes of conduct are essential features of schools that frame behaviours in a manner such that they produce obedience to authority. Did you interact with people in other groups? Girls are bullied for being unattractive, not being dressed fashionably, and being physically overdeveloped (Shakeshaft and Barber 1995). The ongoing process of learning the expected behaviours, values, norms, and social skills of individuals who occupy particular roles in society. Illustrate how peer groups contribute to the social identity of students. They tell us what to do, almost like whats right and whats wrong. 2. What solutions are being offered? Brint (1998) identifies three major zones of socialization within classrooms (see Figure 6.2). Teachers who hold negative stereotypes about low-achieving or minority students may also expect such students to consistently perform poorly. The athletes consisted of jocks, members of sports teams, and cheerleaders. The sense of belonging to a school community; can influence behavioural outcomes in students. Infamous acts of school violence, such as the events at Columbine High School in 1999, led to increased concern about violence in schools, which resulted in the emergence of zero tolerance policies around school codes of conduct. Table 6.1 Structural Differences between School and Family Settings. Girls who wear tank tops and are reprimanded are at risk of being deemed immoral or slutty, and boys who violate certain rules aimed at them may be labelled gangsters. Pomerantz argues that implicit in many of the dress code discourses is the message that it is a females moral duty to keep herself covered. As well, much flexibility exists in the structure and content of courses as they are shaped by student interest. If activities and behaviours are gendered by teachers, this can have an impact on how children see appropriate female and male roles. Proponents of streaming argue that putting students in classes with others who have similar abilities creates a better learning environment. Other research has found that individuals belonging to the popular and jock crowds were more likely to engage in relational aggression (discussed below), while those in high-risk peer groups (the deviants) were more prone to greater physical and relational aggression in the future (Pokhrel et al. According to Simmons (2002), there are rules for how good girls act, and participating in overt acts of violence does not conform to this role. Less overt ways of instilling values through curricular practices are also found in citizenship education, which teaches students about being good citizens. Citizenship education is present in the primary and secondary curricula of all Canadian provinces and territories (Evans 2006). 2007; Sokal 2010) or other English-speaking nations (see Allan 1993; Butler and Christensen 2003; Carrington and Skelton 2003; Carrington, Tymms, and Merrell 2008; Martin 2003). What problems are being identified? What is streaming? course sequence provides for the study of texts at a variety of different levels of sophistication, to meet the needs of a more diverse student population in terms of student aspirations and abilities, students who aspire to post-secondary education, but not necessarily to careers related to the English language arts, may register in this course sequence. As noted earlier in this chapter, students with social and emotional disabilities are more likely to be punished under school disciplinary codes of conduct. Our peer group is also important because typically our peers share the same interest which lays foundation for support and socialization amongst the group. Researchers have determined that bully victims are weak in temperament (Hodges and Perry 1999; Smith and Myron-Wilson 1998), lack physical strength (Bernstein and Watson 1997; Hodges and Perry 1999; Smith and Myron-Wilson 1998), and are somehow different in terms of looks (including race), dress, or physical ability (Bernstein and Watson 1997; Fried 1997). Justifications for student dress codes often centre on arguments about maintaining a desirable school image, respect of ones self and others, and preventing distractions (Raby 2010). Home schooled children typically follow the curriculum of their province of residence. At-risk children who display early aggression and signs of early offending can have these risks reduced if the school environment is a supportive one. WebFor example, in the United States, schools have built a sense of competition into the way grades are awarded and the way teachers evaluate students (Bowles and Gintis 1976). All of these examples require the student to self-regulate his or her bodys physical actions in ways that the child may not have had to do in a family setting. How do the Curricula of Different Provinces Compare on Controversial Subjects? The physical and emotional abuse experienced by children from other childrenotherwise known as bullying. Manitoba, for example, has a highly tracked mathematics program (McFeetors and Mason 2005). Academics as a group mostly consisted of brains who did well in their studies and extracurricular activities that were academically oriented. For example, schools teach children how to behave appropriately in society. They were also more likely to be married. They found that popular girls held the most power and displayed this power in their ability to police the adherence to numerous unspoken rules about other girls dress and behaviour. Increasing the homogeneity of ability within a classroom also promotes better classroom management (Barakett and Cleghorn 2008). Warm and supportive teachers and a positive school climate are crucial for the positive social development of children, and the absence of such can have long-term detrimental effects on students, particularly if they have family problems. Schools which have vague and inconsistently enforced rules and ambiguous responses to rule-breaking, teachers and administration who do not agree on rules, and students who do not believe that the rules are legitimate are typically associated with higher discipline problems and have a poor school climate (Welsh et al. For example, we learn the importance of obeying authority and Willis (1977; see Chapter 2) argued that working-class boys resisted the values and behaviours promoted in the school environment by acting in deviant ways: by fighting and skipping class. A commitment to ones school and education; associated with protecting children from the influence of delinquent peers and reducing early aggression in young students. As Table 6.1 illustrates, there are many new things for children to get used to in the school setting. The social phenomenon of mass attention being given to topics that appear to threaten the established social order; the underachievement of boys is an example. Their program, called the Character Education and Virtues Program, rewards students every time they are caught doing a selfless act in the school.3 The students receive a paper bear that is placed on a wall for all to see, and by collecting enough of these, the students receive prizes. Students who exhibit higher academic aptitude are put with similar students into advanced courses where they will be challenged. Socialization is a twofold process occurring at both the social and individual levels that accomplish two main goals. 2010). Students are active in decisions surrounding the administration of the school, content of learning, and social events. These agents include the family, education, religion, peer groups, and the media, and they all play a significant role in shaping an individual's beliefs, values, and behaviors. For example, in 2010, two Winnipeg teachers were under investigation after performing a sexually suggestive dirty dance at a high school dance competition. The development of the generalized other, where a child learns to adopt the attitudes of the wider society, occurs in secondary socialization. In a study of 226 Canadian adults who had been home schooled as children, Van Pelt, Allison, and Allison (2009) explored how these individuals compared to a more general population of adult Canadians. School sports are another area that can cultivate gender stereotypes. How will they learn to work in groups and socialize with other students in a learning environment and form co-operative relationships with their peers? 1982). Methods of socialization includes affective methods, operant methods, observational methods, cognitive methods, sociocultural methods, and apprenticeship So far, it has been argued that children must adapt to features of school that are much different from their family environments. While these groupings are very broad, they do point to the consistency of general groups over time and across English-speaking countries. The girls argued that they were honouring a school tradition by wearing duct tape clothing to the game and that their attire was modest. If students believe that their teacher has lower expectations of them, this can result in a self-fulfilling prophecy of low achievement. In early 2011, eight female students at a Catholic high school in Windsor, Ontario were suspended for one day and faced not being able to go to their prom because they wore yellow and blue duct tape tops to a school hockey game in December. The same study of over 7000 American adults who had been home schooled also found a much greater rate of civic participation among the home schooled than in the general population. In addition to teaching student subject matter, teachers are often regarded as being responsible for managing the emotional lives of their students (Jennings and Greenberg 2009). Codes of conduct are of particular interest because they have been created under the auspices of improving school safety. Such rules were routinely broken and created resentment among students for what they perceived as ridiculous rules that teachers spent far too much time enforcing, and were often seen to enforce in targeted and unegalitarian ways. The main thrust of this argument is that teaching staff are disproportionately comprised of females who value certain behaviours (like passivity and obedience, which tend to be found more in girls) and subject matter (like reading, which does not appeal to males as much), and that to improve boys performance, more males must be brought into the profession (Skelton 2002; Titus 2004). This begins at birth and continues throughout life; Successful socialization enables people to fit into all kinds of social groups. Being presented with that curriculum is one way that children are socialized into becoming desirable members of the public. Theories in the Sociology of Education, 3. Such instances spark debate around the role of schools in promoting particular social values. The media, in particular, have been quick to endorse a position that suggests that the main problem can be found in the ongoing feminization of schooling. For females, clothes that reveal too much of the body are explicitly banned, while for males, styles of dress associated with hip-hop music (i.e., being able to see boxer shorts above the waistband of a males jeans) are targeted. Research in British Columbia around this policy has also found that those who are disciplined under zero tolerance policies are more likely to have disabilities or be racial minorities (Cassidy and Jackson 2005). Social control: Social institutions help to maintain stability and order within society. In many ways, the teacher serves as a parental replacement during school hours, although this figure must be shared with many other children and the relationship is more emotionally distant. Conflicts within relationships are dealt with in ways such that the relationship itself becomes the weapon. Explicit moral instruction occurs in the elementary grades, when children are socialized to aspire to virtues such as kindness, generosity, courage, and hard work. Children who are home schooled do not attend formal school and are taught usually by a parent in the home environment. The Quebec researchers also found that the likelihood of a child experiencing verbal abuse from a teacher is also fairly consistent across grades, such that when students start a new year with a new teacher, they are likely to encounter the same kind of interactions. The Ontario Human Rights Commission launched a complaint against the Toronto District School Board, indicating that students with certain types of disabilities were being discriminated against. The child interacts with many features of his or her environment which all contribute to the childs social development. Canadian researchers have found that verbal abuse by teachers in early childhood can have impacts on children not only during childhood and adolescence, but also into adulthood. And the grand outcome of socialization is also theorized to be the result of how all the systems interact with one another. 3. School uniforms became more widely implemented in the public school system in the United States in the 1980s and 1990s when school policies were put in place in an effort to control gang activities and increase safety at schools (Han 2010). Other researchers have found that school sports coaches create conformity among their players by using misogynistic and homophobic comments to criticize players (Schissel 2000), further contributing to stereotypes about what is considered appropriate male behaviour. Specifically, Sprott (2004) found that emotional support in the classroom when children were between 10 and 13 years of age reduced violent behaviour in children two years later. Therefore, social features of the school can serve to reverse delinquent behaviours. Their role in guiding the moral development of children, however, is often not simply limited to setting a good example. This finding points to important differences in provincial educational policies and practices with regard to streaming. In school, the peer group is typically a childs classmates in younger years and then becomes more specific to particular adolescent subgroups in the teenage years. This may severely limit their future ability of getting admitted to post-secondary training that leads to higher paying jobs with high status (Krahn and Taylor 2001). In many provinces, courses in math, science, and English are divided into those that lead to post-secondary education options (e.g., university) and those that do not. Box 6.4 Alternative Approaches to School Rules. Peer-rejected children, however, are not only aggressive children. Students develop valuable knowledge and skills that will allow them to make informed decisions as they become independent citizens. In February of 2011, news broke that a six-year-old boy in Laval, Quebec, had been excluded from a school teddy bear contest because he had a plastic sandwich bag in his lunch, which violated the school rules on environmentally friendly lunch containers.5 Many environmental initiatives have been adopted by schools across Canada. WebThis paper presents sociocultural perspectives alongside critical theories affecting adult learning in contemporary society. Verbal abuse by the teacher (which consisted of verbal humiliation, name-calling, and yelling) was also found to negatively impact on students academic achievement. For example, the government funds public schools, which play a key role in children's socialization. Respondents did, however, report some negative aspects of home schooling, which included the social stigma attached to being home schooled, social challenges of not being around other children regularly, the limits of the curriculum covered in their schooling, and the challenges of integrating into classroom settings later in life.12, 6.3 Major Forces of Socialization within Schools. In Chapter 4, for example, research by Willms (2008) was considered which argued that French immersion programs act as an informal streaming mechanism as French immersion students tend to be from significantly higher socio-economic backgrounds and less likely to have a learning disability. Racialized students and those who have had previous conduct problems within schools are much more likely to drop out of school. Examples of teachers acting in morally suggestive ways occasionally make it into the mainstream media. Brint (1998) identifies three major dimensions of socialization as it pertains to schooling, which are illustrated in Figure 6.1. Stanley Cohen (1972) coined the term moral panic to refer to the social phenomenon of mass attention being given to topics that appear to threaten the established social order. The delinquent behaviours are thought to merge a complex interaction of individual personal characteristics with properties of their environment and situations. In order to address the boy problem, the Ontario Ministry of Education has created guides for improving boys literacy.8 Booklets called Me Read? The deviants category encapsulated a very diverse collection of peer groups including burnouts, stoners, skaters, rebels, punks, partiers, and various alternative groups (including those defined by sexual orientation). Meanness also includes such behaviours as name-calling, ridicule, sarcasm, and giving other girls the silent treatment. Research on girls meanness has found that middle-class girls more frequently participate in this type of aggression because it is within this social class that the rules of femininity are the least flexible. The gender gap between males and females in these subjects has narrowed considerably in recent years, with boys and girls performing about the same in both Canada and the United States (Lauzon 2001). Differentiate between the home schooled experience and outcomes of socialization with those who attend school. Within these two generalizations, however, much differentiation existed regarding the amount of money spent on the clothing. Schools codes of conduct serve to penalize those who do not conform. She notes that while dress code infractions for girls typically are focused on body containment (e.g., showing too much cleavage), for boys it is about containing ethnic or racial identities. Within the general category of elites, such peer groups as populars, student union members, and preppies were found. Outside of the core are two rings of moral instruction. This is a community-based school that offers mentoring to marginalized children and youth. A Historical Overview of Education in Canada, 6. You can help your child work on This is a basic but surprisingly complex and difficult process that benefits from experience, knowledge and effort. School helps your child learn skills to relate to different personality types. 7 & 10(Accessed March 2012). As noted by Raby (2005), the language of school codes of conduct suggests that young people are seen to be incomplete, at risk, and in need of guidance, a position that legitimizes school rules and their enforcement (p. 73). The ways school socialises a person. Socialization is a process of inheriting the customs, ethnicity and philosophies which provides them with expertise and ways which are important for the people to be a part of their own society. Sociologists have divided socialization in Six (6) groups. The first one is Primary socialization in which the Schools can be protective factors in childrens socialization if the right conditions are met. Other research using the same Canadian data sources has also found that a strong school bond, or commitment to ones school and education, is associated with protecting children from the influence of delinquent peers and reducing early aggression in young students (Sprott, Jenkins, and Doob 2005). As discussed above, the teacher becomes an important new figure of authority for young children when they first begin formal schooling. 5. Relationships with teachers are also central in the process of socialization. Because the school is such an important agent in the socialization of children, it can also have negative impacts on children who experience negative interactions with their teachers. As noted by Sweet et al. Instead of passive citizens who are expected to follow rules handed down from positions of authority, students in these alternative schools are active citizens who participate in the democracy of the school structure. Elites were regarded as having high status, and members were generally successful in extracurricular activities and academics. What were the characteristics of unpopular students. The influence teachers exert over students in their delivery of curriculum has been addressed above and in the previous chapter. Dunstable School in Alberta, for example, has instituted policies that promote socially desirable behaviour. School climate refers to the sense of belonging to a school community. There are many agents of socialization within the school environment, as indicated by Brints (1998) zones of socialization.
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