You must there are over 200,000 words in our free online dictionary, but you are looking for one thats only in the Merriam-Webster Unabridged Dictionary. Why is waters high heat of vaporization important? Chem. Chem. ; Wilhelm, E.; Grolier, J.-P.E., Coefficents calculated by NIST from author's data. The breaking of these bonds is caused by the energy of motion (kinetic energy) of the water molecules due to the heat contained in the system. Copyright for NIST Standard Reference Data is governed by Czech. Vedantu LIVE Online Master Classes is an incredibly personalized tutoring platform for you, while you are staying at your home. Prikl. Trans. Here, well take a closer look at the role of hydrogen bonding in temperature changes, freezing, and vaporization of water. If a liquid uses 40 Joules of heat to vaporize two moles of liquid, what is the heat of vaporization? DH - Eugene S. Domalski and Elizabeth D. Hearing, Go To: Top, Condensed phase thermochemistry data, References, Notes, Data compiled as indicated in comments: Natl. Direct link to ironnerfer's post Heat is how fast the mole, Posted 4 years ago. . With most other liquids, solidificationwhich occurs when the temperature drops and kinetic (motion) energy of molecules is reducedallows molecules to pack more tightly than in liquid form, giving the solid a greater density than the liquid. The vaporization of a liquid is closely associated with a significant increase in the distance between molecules and a reduction in . Specific heat capacity and heat of vaporization of water. . Bondi, A., Go To: Top, Phase change data, References, Notes. . . Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment; T boil: 353.9 0.2: K: AVG: N/A: Average of 93 out of 116 values; Individual data points Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment; T fus: 279.6 0.3 In the process of laser drilling, the term ablation is usually used to indicate a vaporization-dominated process. Gas-liquid critical properties of the cycloalkanes and their mixtures, The Heat Capacity of Gaseous Cyclopentane, Cyclohexane and Methylcyclohexane, SRD 103a Thermo Data Engine (TDE) for pure compounds. J. It is also known as the phase transition from the liquid to the gas phase, but boiling is the formation of vapor as bubbles of high-temperature water below the surface of the liquid just like we keep the water jar on a high flame, it turns to bubbles and then the steam escapes into the atmosphere. II. Stephenson, Richard M.; Malanowski, Stanislaw, [all data], Simon, 1957 Example1. Gaw, W.J. Bur. Vapor Pressures and Boiling Points of Some Paraffin, Alkylcyclopentane, Alkylcyclohexane, and Alkylbenzene Hydrocarbons, DH - Eugene S. Domalski and Elizabeth D. Hearing, Go To: Top, Condensed phase thermochemistry data, Notes, Rauh, Geyer, et al., 1973 VI. Soc., 1930, 52, 1032-1041. J. Phys. Water molecules are very good at forming. Vapor Pressure of Pure Substances. We observe this gas as water vapor or steam. We have grown leaps and bounds to be the best Online Tuition Website in India with immensely talented Vedantu Master Teachers, from the most reputed institutions. You idly notice both the sweat beads on your arms and the chunks of ice floating at the top of your water glass. Bildungsenthalpien und mesomerieenergien von -bindungssystemen, Another example, due to continuously decreasing pressures, vapor pumped out of a solution eventually leaves behind a cryogenic (cancer-causing) liquid at temperatures below the boiling temperature at a given pressure. by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. ALS - Hussein Y. Afeefy, Joel F. Liebman, and Stephen E. Stein ; Anthony, R.G. [all data], Lee and Holder, 1993 We provide you year-long structured coaching classes for CBSE and ICSE Board & JEE and NEET entrance exam preparation at affordable tuition fees, with an exclusive session for clearing doubts, ensuring that neither you nor the topics remain unattended. [all data], Dong, Lin, et al., 1988 You may have seen this for yourself if you've ever put a sealed glass container containing a mostly-watery food (soup, soda, etc.) All rights reserved. J. [all data], Kerns, Anthony, et al., 1974 Eng. (Leipzig), 1973, 253, 43-48. Soc., 1951, 73, 9, 4069-4071, https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01153a003 Part 3.?Excess Gibbs free energy of the system hexafluorobenzene + cyclohexane, Data, 1989, 34, 332-335. Enthalpy of vaporization at standard conditions. However, this high heat of vaporization may not be up to the task of regulating the temperature in the face of human actions. Boiling is similar to evaporation. - 355. Eng. When evaporation occurs in a closed container, it proceeds until all the molecules inside the liquid escape. Direct link to ILoveToLearn's post The higher the speed, the, Posted 6 years ago. Eng. Z. Phys. We all know that firstly ice converts to liquid and then this liquid turns into steam; however, there is a process that directly converts solid into gaseous form without turning to the liquid phase. . J. Res. Vapor pressure of cyclohexane, 25 to 75.degree., The higher the speed, the greater the movement, the larger the likelihood that the particle will ricochet off the container or another particle in just the right way to escape. Volume III, The heat of vaporization always has a positive value because enthalpy is always added to a system in order to vaporize a liquid. However, this equation does not take into consideration the additional energy needed for the gas particles to push back against atmospheric pressure to allow for the increase in volume when a liquid boils. After this, a high current is passed for a short time, i.e, around 5 seconds to completely vaporize the sample. Why do the fastest-moving molecules leave the liquid? [all data], Lainez, Rodrigo, et al., 1989 If you think about using a metal vs wooden spoon in a hot pan of water, it's the metal one that will burn you, because it is more dense and a better conductor of heat. Since the majority of Earth is made of water, large changes in the amount of solar energy the Earth receives are counteracted by water. by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. In a liquid state, a certain substance forms many temporary, but strong bonds between molecules. shall not be liable for any damage that may result from The boiling point varies with the pressure of the environment or the atmospheric pressure. However, NIST makes no warranties to that effect, and NIST In a liquid, the molecules move past each other but are constantly interacting. Database and to verify that the data contained therein have Vapor lock disrupts the operation of the fuel pump, leading to the loss of feed pressure to the fuel injection system, resulting in transient loss of power or complete stalling/stoppage. The site owner may have set restrictions that prevent you from accessing the site. Direct link to miluutin's post In this paragraph of heat, Posted 7 years ago. Boiling occurs only when the equilibrium vapor pressure of the substance is greater than or equal to the environmental/, The enthalpy of vaporization, i.e., symbolized as H. ; Pignocco, J.M. XVII. Bildungsenthalpien und mesomerieenergien von -bindungssystemen, Data compiled as indicated in comments: Standard Reference Data Act. Soc., 1943, 65, 1620-1625. Rotinjanz, L.; Nagornow, N., Young, S.; Fortey, E.C., It is the amount of energy or enthalpy added to a liquid substance to transform a given quantity of that substance into a gas phase. T = temperature (K). is similar to evaporation. The Vapour Pressures, Specific Volumes and Critical Constants of Hexamethylene., A very basic equation to calculate the heat of vaporization is: This calculates the difference in internal energy of the vapor phase compared to the liquid phase. . Sci. The amount of energy required is a function of the pressure at which the transformation takes place, and is temperature dependent. J. RES. But why is the distance between molecules in ice bigger than in water? Temperature is the way we measure heat. The dependence of heats of vaporization of methanol, propanol, butanol, cyclohexane, cyclohexene, and benzene on temperature, [all data], Rotinjanz and Nagornow, 1934 ; Swinton, F.L., This, in turn, allows fine features to be formed without the production of any notable heat-affected zone or recast layer. The weaker the bond between atoms, the less energy is needed to break those bonds. Z. Phys. Also known as enthalpy of vaporization, the heat of vaporization (Hvap) is defined by the amount of enthalpy (heat energy) that is required to transform a liquid substance into a gas or vapor. At the surface of a liquid, why do some molecules evaporate but others do not? A small magnitude of electric current is supplied to the cell. errors or omissions in the Database. Your institution may already be a subscriber. Hence, a more complete equation to calculate the heat of vaporization is: Where Uvap is the difference in internal energy between the vapor phase and the liquid phase (Uvap = Hvapor Hliquid), and pV is the work done against the ambient pressure. As the molecules gain more kinetic energy, they become more likely to separate from the liquid and become a gas. Alcohol, methyl (methanol alcohol, wood alcohol, wood naphtha or wood spirits) 1100. Collect. Lainez, A.; Rodrigo, M.M. Biology Dictionary. Am. and chemical property data is available from the . Commun., 1979, 44, 3, 637-651, https://doi.org/10.1135/cccc19790637 ALS - Hussein Y. Afeefy, Joel F. Liebman, and Stephen E. Stein The vaporization of a liquid is closely associated with a significant increase in the distance between molecules and a reduction in their interactions. Chem. [all data], Go To: Top, Condensed phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, References. the J. . [all data], Willingham, Taylor, et al., 1945 Note that, As water molecules evaporate, the surface they evaporate from gets cooler, a process called, Posted 8 years ago. The term vaporization was being used in colloquia/hyperbolic manner to allude to the physical destruction of an object/element that is exposed to intense heat or explosive force, where the object of large mass is split into small pieces rather than converting into gaseous form. SRD 103b Thermo Data Engine (TDE) for pure compounds, Temperature dependence of heats of vaporization of saturated hydrocarbons C5-C8; Experimental data and an estimation method, Technology, Office of Data J. Chem. . on behalf of the United States of America. So, the direct transition of solid into the gaseous state is sublimation. [all data], Go To: Top, Condensed phase thermochemistry data, References. Sublimation Pressure Data for Organic Compounds., TRC - Thermodynamics Research Center, NIST Boulder Laboratories, Chris Muzny director Note that some molecules of water - ones that happen to have high kinetic energy - will escape from the surface of the water even at lower temperatures. The average molar enthalpy of vaporization or H. (U.S.), 1945, 35, 3, 219-244, https://doi.org/10.6028/jres.035.009 ; Fink, H.L., Thermal data. And since it is frozen at an expanded state with molecules further apart, it is less dense than water which has it's molecules closer together. Enthalpy data of liquids. Cruickshank, Austin J.B.; Cutler, A.J.B., C p,liquid: Constant pressure heat capacity of liquid: c H liquid: Enthalpy of combustion of liquid at standard conditions: vap H: Enthalpy of vaporization: vap H: Enthalpy of vaporization at standard conditions All rights reserved. Follow the links above to find out more about the data Thermodynamic Properties of Binary Systems Containing Hexafluorobenzene. It means more is the cohesive force between molecules, the more is heat required to vaporize the solid or liquified elements. However, NIST makes no warranties to that effect, and NIST [all data], Svoboda, Vesel, et al., 1973 The critical properties of thermally stable and unstable fluids. Post the Definition of heat of vaporization to Facebook, Share the Definition of heat of vaporization on Twitter, More than 250,000 words that aren't in our free dictionary, Expanded definitions, etymologies, and usage notes. The heat capacity, entropy and free energy of formation of cyclohexane. P = vapor pressure (bar) Excess Gibbs Free Energy of the System Hexafluorobenzene + Cyclohexane, Chem. Eng. for nonpolar compounds is given by the following empirical Hildebrand's rule: It is a type of vaporization in which a small amount of material, i.e., 5-100. of the substance is deposited in the electrically conductive vaporization cell. ", Biologydictionary.net Editors. How come only 40 calories can increase the water temperature by 75 degrees to its boiling point, if the specific heat property tells us that 40 calories can only increase it by 40 degrees? Specifically, in ice, the water molecules are pushed farther apart than they are in liquid water. Direct link to Maryam's post What if you drop a solid , Posted 4 years ago. Direct link to Ron Feldman's post My question is related to, Posted 4 years ago. Data Program, but require an annual fee to access. The land cools faster than the sea once the sun goes down, and the slow-cooling water can release heat to nearby land during the night. [all data], Williamham, Taylor, et al., 1945 Will this substance have a high or low heat of vaporization? (TRC) data available from this site, much more physical The increased movement in gas particles compared to liquid particles creates heat and pressure. Gierycz, Pawel; Kosowski, Andrzej; Swietlik, Ryszard, Why ice floats. . errors or omissions in the Database. 3. Am. Aust. AC - William E. Acree, Jr., James S. Chickos Some formhydrogen bonds, while other substances form other types of mild bonds between molecules. Ebulliometric apparatus for the measurement of enthalpies of vaporization, The solid would be suspended in the middle of the liquid without moving. Don't be surprised if none of them want the spotl One goose, two geese. Rauh, H.J. Z. Phys. As such, the heat of vaporization of metals is much higher than that of water. It is also known as the phase transition from the liquid to the gas phase, but boiling is the formation of vapor as bubbles of high-temperature water below the surface of the liquid just like we keep the water jar on a high flame, it turns to bubbles and then the steam escapes into the atmosphere. Test your knowledge - and maybe learn something along the way. However, boiling is a bulk phenomenon, meaning, this process occurs when the vessel filled with water is kept on high flame and the liquid turns to steam. When the heat is raised (for instance, as water is boiled), the higher kinetic energy of the water molecules causes the hydrogen bonds to break completely and allows water molecules to escape into the air as gas. ; Rossini, F.D., Direct link to Quin Keza's post i don't understand really, Posted 3 years ago. 2021 by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce [all data], Young, 1972 The heat of vaporization always has what kind of value? In a solution containing both the liquid and gaseous states, the kinetic energy of the vapor is higher than that of the liquid because the particles of vapor are able to flow more easily. Direct link to JLD's post In the last paragraph it , Posted 6 years ago. The vaporization of a liquid is closely associated with a significant increase in the distance between molecules and a reduction in their interactions. Direct link to Schuck, Angela's post Why is waters high heat , Posted 2 years ago. Critical Constants and Straight-Line Diameters of Ten Hydrocarbons, This causes water to easily vaporize, which helps humidify the world. Bull. [all data], Marinichev and Susarev, 1965 . Further, as the ocean absorbs heat, the molecules expand. . Commun., 1973, 38, 12, 3539-3543, https://doi.org/10.1135/cccc19733539 Since vaporization requires heat to be added to the system and hence is an endothermic . Diogo, Hermnio P.; Santos, Rui C.; Nunes, Paulo M.; Minas da Piedade, Manuel E., in these sites and their terms of usage. InChI=1S/C12H18/c1-2-4-6-8-10-12-11-9-7-5-3-1/h1-2,7-10H,3-6,11-12H2/b2-1-,9-7+,10-8+, National Institute of Standards and Drying your clothes on the roof is an example of evaporation. Stand. Data compiled as indicated in comments: Why is it harmful for living things to freeze? One thing to note is that heat is required to convert solid or liquid into a gaseous (steam) state. Direct link to svetlana4ered's post But why is the distance b, Posted a year ago. Direct link to Ryan Hoyle's post Awesome question. Heat of Vaporization (J/g) Acetic acid. At a certain point, the molecules will begin to break away from the liquid and vaporize. Vapour forms due to the boiling of fuel in the fuel lines, as the result of excessive heating of the engine in hot weather or operation of the vehicle in high altitude regions that lowers the boiling point of the fuel because of which the vapor lock occurs. ; Wilhelm, E.; Grolier, J.-P.E., [all data], Lainez, Rodrigo, et al., 1989 Branched Alkanes and Cycloalkanes, Chim. All rights reserved. [all data], Majer, Svoboda, et al., 1979 J. Czech. The main influences over the heat of vaporization are the interactions between molecules in a solution. There is a critical temperature at which the heat of vaporization vanishes (Tr=1). NATL. (Left) Crystal structure of ice, with water molecules held in a regular 3D structure by hydrogen bonds. Jones, A.H., ; Eubank, P.T., Water is also used by warm-blooded animals to distribute heat through their bodies: it acts similarly to a cars cooling system, moving heat from warm places to cool places, helping the body keep an even temperature. Vapor-Liquid Equilibria in Binary Systems Formed by Cyclohexane with Alcohols, the Direct link to Hikari Akasaki's post Why do the fastest-moving, Posted 7 years ago. Chem., 1988, 66, 4, 783-790, https://doi.org/10.1139/v88-136 Database and to verify that the data contained therein have The heat capacities, entropies and free energies of some saturated, non-benzenoid hydrocarbons, Stephenson, Richard M.; Malanowski, Stanislaw, Boiling occurs only when the equilibrium vapor pressure of the substance is greater than or equal to the environmental/atmospheric pressure. However, NIST makes no warranties to that effect, and NIST Chem. This helps counter drastic shifts in temperature, which would be devastating to life. uses its best efforts to deliver a high quality copy of the (Right) Image of icebergs floating on the surface of the ocean. Learn a new word every day. Past this critical temperature, the substance is distinguishable neither as a liquid nor a vapor. BUR. [all data], Spitzer and Pitzer, 1946 View plot For instance, the specific heat capacity of water is about five times greater than that of sand. J. Chem. BS - Robert L. Brown and Stephen E. Stein The amount of heat needed to be added to a substance from the environment. In this article, we will discuss how vaporization occurs, types of vaporization, in detail. When a cell freezes, its watery contents expand and its membrane (just like the soda bottle) is broken into pieces. Williamham, C.B. Technology, Office of Data We are not permitting internet traffic to Byjus website from countries within European Union at this time. ; Taylor, W.J. Start your free trial today and get unlimited access to America's largest dictionary, with: Heat of vaporization. Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/heat%20of%20vaporization. J. Majer, V.; Svoboda, V., R. Dublin Soc., 1910, 12, 374. [all data], Diogo, Santos, et al., 1995 Copyright for NIST Standard Reference Data is governed by Data, 1993, 38, 2, 320-323, https://doi.org/10.1021/je00010a034 'Hiemal,' 'brumation,' & other rare wintry words. These bonds contain energy, and hold the liquid in a lower energy state. Instead, it becomes known as a supercritical fluid. J. Chem. Water has high specific heat. Soc., 1946, 68, 12, 2537-2538, https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01216a032 Soc., 1943, 65, 1135-1139. Study of a Liquid-Vapor Equilibrium in the Systems of Acetone/Methanol and Acetone/Cyclohexane at Temperatures 35, 45, 55 C and Pressure 760 Torr, Direct link to Marwan's post what is the difference be, Posted 7 years ago. Marinichev, A.N. All rights reserved. Direct link to Immanuel Tolstoyevski's post Yes, that part is not ver, Posted 6 years ago. To save this word, you'll need to log in. vapH = [all data], Young, 1910 Eng. The layer which is most closer to the air, interacts with air molecules. Am. Water's heat of vaporization is around 540 cal/g at 100 C, water's boiling point. [all data], McCullough, Person, et al., 1951 2. [all data], Gaw and Swinton, 1968, 2 All rights reserved. NIST subscription sites provide data under the ; Andrews, D.H., Chem. It is the amount of energy or enthalpy added to a liquid substance to transform a given quantity of that substance into a gas phase. Enthalpies of Vaporization of Organic Compounds: A Critical Review and Data Compilation, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1985, 300. binary mixtures and chemical reactions, SRSD 2 Web Thermo Tables (WTT), "lite" edition, SRSD 3 Web Thermo Tables (WTT), professional edition, SRD 156 Clathrate Hydrate Physical Property Database, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-6031(95)90678-9, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3173-2. AC - William E. Acree, Jr., James S. Chickos, Go To: Top, Condensed phase thermochemistry data, Phase change data, Notes, Rauh, Geyer, et al., 1973 The Heat of Vaporization (also called the Enthalpy of Vaporization) is the heat required to induce this phase change. Retrieved from https://biologydictionary.net/heat-of-vaporization/. It is measured in Joules per mole (J/mol), or sometimes in Calories (C). Can. ; Huffman, H.M.; Thomas, S.B., Though, the term is not well-defined; however, this term applies to processes in which there is also significant melting. Data from NIST Standard Reference Database 69: The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) [all data], Jones, 1960 Direct link to iShowRizz's post This is because when wate, Posted 7 years ago. Dong, Jin-Quan; Lin, Rui-Sen; Yen, Wen-Hsing, The enthalpy of vaporization is often quoted for the . Data from NIST Standard Reference Database 69: The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) The example includes the usage of the "vaporization" in 1952 the Ivy Mike thermonuclear test that was performed in the uninhabited Marshall Island of Elugelab. Ans: It is a type of vaporization in which a small amount of material, i.e., 5-100 L of the substance is deposited in the electrically conductive vaporization cell. 402. Climate change, and global warming specifically, are adding lots of heat to the atmosphere. My question relates to it taking such a small amount of additional energy to raise the temperature 75 degrees when compared to raising it 10 degrees.. Subscribe to America's largest dictionary and get thousands more definitions and advanced searchad free! Majer, Vladimr; Svoboda, Vclav; Hla, Slavoj; Pick, Jir, Chem. The distinction between the two is clear (now). Direct link to Alex's post The solid would be suspen, Posted 7 years ago. [all data], Cruickshank and Cutler, 1967 In addition to the Thermodynamics Research Center [all data], Stephenson and Malanowski, 1987 I'm afraid I can't articulate my question above or my current understanding below very well.. Awesome question. ALS - Hussein Y. Afeefy, Joel F. Liebman, and Stephen E. Stein Requires a JavaScript / HTML 5 canvas capable browser. Simon, M., The hotter the liquid already is, the less energy is required. Collect. The answer seems to contradict what I thought I had learned 50 years ago in high school physics. Just as it takes a lot of heat to increase the temperature of liquid water, it also takes an unusual amount of heat to vaporize a given amount of water, because hydrogen bonds must be broken in order for the molecules to fly off as gas. Data, 1996, 25, 1, 1, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.555985 Data compilation copyright 5. Vaporization occurs when a laser heats the material above or equivalent to its boiling point. Svoboda, V.; Vesel, F.; Holub, R.; Pick, J., Aston, J.G. into the freezer, only to have it crack or explode as the liquid water inside froze and expanded. NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Business Studies, NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Business Studies, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science, NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Social Science, NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science, CBSE Previous Year Question Papers Class 12, CBSE Previous Year Question Papers Class 10. Data, 2002, 47, 6, 1466-1471, https://doi.org/10.1021/je025540l Soc., 1942, 64, 2482-2485. Abt. There are two types of vaporization and they are evaporation and boiling. [all data], Ziegler and Andrews, 1942 The Internal Heat of Vaporization constants of thirty pure substances, Ans: Vapour forms due to the boiling of fuel in the fuel lines, as the result of excessive heating of the engine in hot weather or operation of the vehicle in high altitude regions that lowers the boiling point of the fuel because of which the vapor lock occurs. [all data], Teja and Anselme, 1990 Data compilation copyright So, when there is a temperature rise, the atoms or molecules of a liquid or solid that are held together by cohesive forces, turn to adhesive forces, which in turn, separate the atoms or molecules to form the vapor; therefore, the heat of vaporization is a direct measure of these cohesive forces. ; Geyer, W.; Schmidt, H.; Geiseler, G., DRB - Donald R. Burgess, Jr. with the development of data collections included in Copyright for NIST Standard Reference Data is governed by [all data], Gierycz, Kosowski, et al., 2009 Chem. The high-power densities generated by short-pulsed lasers let the vaporization occur with minimum thermal damage to the surrounding material. Evaporation occurs only when the partial/incomplete pressure of vapor of a substance/material is lower than the equilibrium vapor pressure. The fascinating story behind many people's favori Can you handle the (barometric) pressure? Another part of the answer is the ice prevents evaporative cooling, the liquid water molecules become physically trapped and so the ones with the highest kinetic energy can't escape, which would reduce the overall average kinetic energy and thus temperature of the water (see Sal's video on evaporative cooling). Biologydictionary.net Editors. Alcohol, ethyl (ethanol) 846. such sites. This expansion will lead to much of the flooding that is currently estimated by climate scientists. Since the molecular pressure and the kinetic energy of each molecule inside the container is high because of the high temperature; therefore, more molecules escape the surface, and the saturated vapor pressure also increases. Ziegler, W.T. Part of, Posted 8 years ago. Heat of Siblimation of Molecular Crystals: A Catalog of Molecular Structure Increments., When a system captures hear from its surroundings, there is a temperature rise. ; Geyer, W.; Schmidt, H.; Geiseler, G., by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A. Ans: The enthalpy of vaporization, i.e., symbolized as H vap, is known as the latent heat of vaporization/heat of evaporation.It is the amount of energy or enthalpy added to a liquid substance to transform a given quantity of that substance into a gas phase.
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