Thus, teams must have "away" colors, which are generally white or gray with the primary team colors only being used to mark the numbers on the front and back of the jersey. The light or white sweaters were "home" uniforms as the visiting teams necessarily wore the dark. It's all about marketing. Giants: 1967 every home game; 1980 every home game; 1981, 1983-1987 vs. Cowboys; 2000 vs. Cardinals. Raiders, Bills, Colts and Browns; 1984 vs. Chiefs, Rams, Oilers and Browns; 1992 vs. The NFL rulebook states that the home team gets to decide which jersey it will wear, and because most home teams choose to wear darker uniforms with their primary team colors on it at home, it is standard for the away teams to wear white or gray on the road so that the two teams can be easily distinguished by the players, referees, and fans. This problem was rectified at the start of the 200304 season, as NHL teams started to wear the dark colour at home and the white for road games; there are occasional single-game exceptions. They are required to be worn by one team during a game between teams that would otherwise wear the same colours as each other, or similar colours. Advertisement Games at their old home Texas Stadium were scorching hot. It was mostly an insignificant factor through the first four decades of the Super Bowl, but teams wearing white started a staggering stretch beginning with Super Bowl XXXIX. The Bears will wear their navy home jersey eight times in 2021, including on the road at the Los Angeles Rams on Sept. 12, Cleveland Browns on Sept. 26 and Tampa Bay Buccaneers on . Second-choice kits are commonly known as away kits or change kits in British English and as away uniforms or road uniforms in American English. [50] Both the home and away teams' uniforms also contained trim in the team colours. Vikings: 1964 every home game except only in the 1st quarter of their game vs. the Lions. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. In the National Football League (NFL), most teams often wear their "official team colour" at home, with the road team wearing white in most cases.
Why do some teams wear home jerseys when away? : r/NFLNoobs - reddit Answer (1 of 7): This question makes a false assumption. So thus most often the road team is wearing white or gray. Until 1964, Dallas had worn blue at home, but it was not an official rule that teams should wear their official colours at home. So the always wear white when ever possible. Basketball answer: At a home game, its acceptable to wear an away team jersey. The S.T.O.P. France's team manager Jo Maso said this decision was because of "the welcome theyd received from the people of New Zealand, the faultless organisation of the tournament and the honour and pleasure of playing [at] Eden Park". [43] All AFL teams now have designated clash guernseys, which are worn in matches when the home guernseys of the teams playing are deemed to be too similar to distinguish. Raiders and Vikings; 1993 vs. Colts, Seahawks and Browns; 2001 vs. Patriots & Ravens; 2002 vs. Chargers; 2005 vs. Vikings; 2006 vs. Browns; 2008 vs. Titans; 2009 vs. Broncos; 2010 vs. Ravens, Bills: 1980 every home game except vs. Steelers and Rams; 1981 every home game except vs. Patriots and Redskins; 1982 vs. Chiefs & Vikings; 1983 vs. Dolphins, Colts, and Oilers; 1984 every home game; 1985 vs. Chargers, Patriots and Vikings; 1986 vs. Uniform inspector and referees, at their discretion, can enforce odd headgear, or other equipment or apparel that is too similar to the NFL football. Cardinals: 1964 and 1965 every home game; 1966 vs. Cowboys and Steelers; 1967 vs. Giants, Lions, and Steelers; 1968 vs. Saints and Steelers; 1969 vs. Vikings and Steelers; 1970 vs. Cowboys and Patriots; 1971 vs. Cowboys and Eagles; 1972 vs. Steelers and Rams; 1973 vs. Redskins, Raiders and Cowboys; 1974 vs. Browns and Cowboys; 1975 vs. Giants and Cowboys; 1976 vs. Giants and Cowboys; 1977 vs. Bears, Cowboys and Saints; 1978 every home game; 1979 vs. Cowboys, Steelers, Redskins and Eagles; 1980 vs. Giants, Eagles, Rams and Cowboys; 1981 vs. Dolphins, Redskins and Cowboys; 1982 & 1983 vs. Cowboys; 1988 vs. Redskins, Steelers and Browns; 1989 every home game; 1990 vs. Redskins, Cowboys, Bears and Packers; 1991 vs. Cowboys, Patriots, Falcons, Vikings and Giants; 1992 vs. Eagles, Redskins, Saints, 49ers and Cowboys; 1993 vs. Cowboys, Patriots, Redskins, Saints and Eagles; 1994 vs. Giants, Vikings, Cowboys and Steelers (throwback uniforms); 1995 vs. Eagles, Chiefs, Redskins and Seahawks; 1996 vs. Dolphins, Rams, Bucs and Jets; 1997 vs. Cowboys, Vikings and Giants; 1998 vs. Eagles, Raiders and Bears; 1999 vs. Giants, Redskins and Patriots; 2000 vs. Cowboys, Packers, Browns, Eagles and Saints; 2001 vs. Broncos and Falcons; 2002 vs. Chargers, Giants and Cowboys; 2003 vs. Seahawks, Packers and Ravens; 2004 vs. Patriots (white pants), Saints and Seahawks; 2005 vs. Rams, 49ers (Mexico City they Cards were the home team), Panthers and Titans; 2009 vs. Texans. The Kansas City Athletics home and road uniforms were changed by Charles O. Finley in 1963, to the colours of gold and green. Cowboys believe the Navy is bad luck. Until 1957, NFL teams could wear whatever jersey they wanted -- home or away -- even if the colors were similar.
Away colours - Wikipedia Colts: 1964 every home game except extra home game vs. Cardinals; 1965 every home game; 1980 vs. Steelers, Jets, Patriots, Cardinals and Browns; 1981 vs. Cowboys; 1995 vs. Bengals (blue pants) and Jets. Tired of seeing annoying ads (like this one!) In addition to this, some teams have featured mainly their team's location presented on their uniforms both at home and on the road. Patrik Walker. The score of the visiting team is always presented on the left, while the score of the home team is always displayed on the right. [9] Every current NFL team except the Seattle Seahawks has worn white at home at some time in its history.[5]. Replica home and away kits are usually available for fans to buy.
NFL teams wearing white jerseys at home . (NFC, uniforms, games Jets and Cowboys; 1985 every home game except vs. Bears1986 every home game except vs. In 1933, the first year that colored jerseys were permitted, all teams wore white uniforms. The Rangers will wear their WHITE jerseys at home tonight, according to Andrew Gross, since the Maple Leafs only packed their blue jerseys on their road trip. [38] England were not allowed to wear red away shirts, and instead were made to wear white against Uruguay, due to an apparent clash with officials' uniforms.[39]. Most went with dark, except for Dallas. When the Third Jersey Program was introduced in the 199596 season, some teams wore third jerseys at home, thus requiring the road team to wear the white. The Chicago Bears used to be the opposite in the NFC Central, they were they only ones that wore white jerseys at home while the rest of the NFC Central teams, including the Packers, wore their mostly colored jerseys although the Packers wore white jerseys at home only twice which happened in 1988. [21] Initially the home team was required to change colours in the event of a clash, but in 1921 the rule was amended to require the away team to change. [32], Three teams have won the FIFA World Cup final in their away colours in 1958 (Brazil), 1966 (England), and 2010 (Spain); though England was the home team for the 1966 tournament.[22]. Moderators: KingDavid, Domejandro, cupcakesnake, Harry Garris, ken6199, infinite11285, zimpy27, bisme37, Dirk, bwgood77, Post#1 by bigball123 Thu Oct 28, 2010 1:54 am, Post#2 by Manocad Thu Oct 28, 2010 1:56 am, Post#3 by glowsticks Thu Oct 28, 2010 1:56 am, Post#4 by bigball123 Thu Oct 28, 2010 1:58 am, Post#5 by SolidSnake008 Thu Oct 28, 2010 2:07 am, Post#6 by Manocad Thu Oct 28, 2010 2:11 am, Post#7 by Stills12 Thu Oct 28, 2010 2:12 am, Post#8 by charlie121 Thu Oct 28, 2010 2:18 am, Post#9 by 5DOM Thu Oct 28, 2010 2:20 am, Post#10 by Mamba Venom Thu Oct 28, 2010 5:09 am, Post#11 by SKR Thu Oct 28, 2010 7:50 am, Post#12 by yaaar Thu Oct 28, 2010 8:55 am, Post#13 by kombayn Thu Oct 28, 2010 9:32 am, Post#14 by Game Show Thu Oct 28, 2010 9:58 am, Post#15 by JF5 Thu Oct 28, 2010 9:59 am, Post#16 by Mark K Thu Oct 28, 2010 10:13 am, Post#17 by Imadogg Thu Oct 28, 2010 10:18 am, Post#18 by prophet_of_rage Thu Oct 28, 2010 1:48 pm, Post#19 by Game Show Thu Oct 28, 2010 4:17 pm. Here's the latest on the Dodgers, Lakers, Angels, Kings, Galaxy, LAFC, USC, UCLA and more LA teams. [15][16], The originator of white home jerseys in the NFL at Dallas, Tex Schramm, said he did not believe in the curse.[17]. What follows is a team-by-team breakdown listing every instance of an NFL team wearing white at home since 1957 (for further info on NFL uniform history, check out the Gridiron Uniform Database ): Bears: 2005 vs. Lions, 2006 vs. Lions, 2007 vs. Chiefs, 2010 vs. Lions. The jersey worn by Joe Montana in his Super Bowl XIX and XXIII victories sold for $1.212 million, shattering the previous record of $480,000 paid for a 2021 Tampa Bay Buccaneers Tom Brady jersey. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. It may be due to the fact that NFL teams wear different jerseys when they play in their stadium or it could be because of the team's history. When it comes to the Super Bowl, the record suggests that a white jersey is the way to go. The Patriots won Super Bowls XXXVI and XXXVIII in navy blue, while the Bucs won Super Bowl XXXVII in their traditional home uniforms. At home games, Schramm wanted spectators to see a range of opponents colors, so he did this. [31] Many FA Cup finals were played under these rules, the last being the 1982 Final and replay. [75], In international rugby, the need for second kits arises most often in the Six Nations, where Scotland, France and Italy all play in different shades of blue. How many NFL teams play at home in white? Lets examine the Super Bowls true colors: Even though the Super Bowl is scheduled at a neutral site, there are still home and away teams. Half of the Cowboys regular-season games will be played in blue uniforms. NHL clubs wore white or light-colored jerseys at home and dark-colored jerseys on the road from the 1970s until the 2002-03 season. [33] This is most likely to happen in World Cup matches with large numbers of black-and-white television viewers, so that the teams' kits also differ in tone (light and dark). Do away teams wear white in NBA? Texans: 2002 vs. Cowboys, Colts and Bills; 2003 vs. Chiefs, Jaguars and Jets; 2004 vs. Chargers and Raiders; 2005 vs. Steelers, Titans and Browns; 2006 vs. Eagles (white pants), Redskins and Dolphins; 2007 vs. Chiefs (white pants), Dolphins and Titans; 2008 vs. Dolphins, Lions, and Ravens (white pants); 2009 vs. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. The NFL ensures fairness by sending a uniform inspector to make sure the uniform rules are enforced for every player and each player has an opportunity to address.
The 2021 Super Bowl uniforms were released on Friday with something a little unusual going on. [42] In contrast to other sports, the concept of away colours is not prominent, with clubs traditionally wearing their home guernseys week in week out, with the colour of a team's shorts distinguishing between home teams and away teams. [citation needed], In England in 1890, the Football League, which had been formed two years earlier, ruled that no two member teams could register similar colours, so as to avoid clashes. Some franchises go with three colors, as the Carolina Panthers do with black, silver and blue; and a few teams have four colors, like the Philadelphia Eagles, who are green, silver, black and charcoal. The Houston Texans did so in 2002, beating Dallas in their inaugural regular season game. By the end of the 19th century, it became common for teams to wear white uniforms at home, and grey in road games. In 1882, the National League assigned different stocking colours to the member clubs; the league also assigned jersey and cap colours, but by player position rather than by club. Chicago Bears. In most sports, the home team wears white but for some reason, that is reversed in football, though a few teams, like the Cowboys, prefer their white uniforms. Before the 2014 tournament, FIFA decreed that Spain's all-red home kit and all-black away kit were not sufficient as they were both considered dark tones. White-jersey teams and other-color-jersey teams alternated as champions until the Bucs and Rams earned their titles in white. Dallas's only victory in a conference championship or Super Bowl wearing the blue jerseys was in the 1978 NFC Championship game at the Los Angeles Rams. But, according to this rule, road uniforms are required at every game in the NBA. And so now the decision to be in white jerseys is becoming . Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. Forty years ago, the NFL banned tear-away jerseys so runners could not escape tackles with them.
When do NFL teams have to decide what color jerseys to wear? We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. Jamaica's change kit is all-black, Australia's is all-green. Raiders and Steelers; 2011 vs. Ravens and Broncos, Panthers: 1995 vs. Rams, Bucs, Jets and Saints; 1996 vs. The Marlins' home and away jerseys feature the city name, but a black alternate has the team nickname. "Away" and "Home" are constructs fans and the media make. Jets, Colts, Bills, Patriots and Falcons; 1996 (back to aqua pants) every home game; 1997 vs. Colts, Oilers, Chiefs, Bears and Jets; 1998 every home game except vs. Jets, Bears, Oilers and Chiefs; 1990 vs. Steelers, Chargers and Oilers; 1994 vs. Cardinals (throwback uniforms); 1995 every home game; 2000 vs. Jags & Steelers; 2001 every home game except vs. Bengals; 2002 vs. Chiefs and Bengals; 2003 vs. Colts (orange pants); 2004 vs. Ravens; 2005 vs. Bengals, Bears and Lions; 2006 vs. Saints; 2008 vs. Cowboys; 2011 every home game, Buccaneers: 1976 every home game; 1985 vs. Vikings and Bears; 1986 every home game except vs. Lions and Packers; 1989-1991 every home game; 1992 every home game except vs. Rams and Falcons; 1993 vs. Chiefs, Lions, Packers and 49ers; 1994 every home game; 1995 every home game except vs. Packers and Lions; 1996 every home game; 1997 (no more Bucco Bruce) vs. 49ers, Cardinals, Lions and Vikings; 1998 vs. Bears, Giants and Panthers; 1999 vs. Giants, Broncos (white pants) and Bears; 2000 vs. Bears, Jets and Vikings; 2001 vs. Packers and Steelers; 2002 vs. Saints (white pants), Rams, Browns and Vikings; 2003 vs. Panthers and Cowboys; 2004 vs. Seahawks, Broncos, Bears and Chiefs; 2005 vs. Bills (white pants), Lions (white pants), Dolphins, Panthers and Redskins; 2006 vs. Ravens (white pants), Panthers (white pants), Bengals and Eagles; 2007 vs. Saints, Rams, Titans and Jags (all white pants), and also in Jan. 2008 wild card playoff game vs. Giants; 2008 vs.
What are the NFL rules regarding the jersey colors? Why is it - Quora In many other nations, however, the home team is mentioned first, and even the Associated Press instructs its writers to place the home team first and the away team second when writing for the international wire. Every NFL club will get new jerseys in 2019. The team will kick off the NFL season on Thursday, September 9, at . THE FIRST OF 32 SLIDES Minnesota Vikings are a team based in Minnesota. Schramm also fought for TV rights in low population areas without teams of their own, which has given us a national fanbase. There's no question Dallas' home jersey is highly recognizable and can be plucked out of a lineup by even the most casual NFL fan, but few people know why it is that the Cowboys use royal. Patch resembles a standard traffic stop sign. The home team chooses the jersey color. The first Cricket World Cup to use coloured kits was the 1992 tournament. The league stepped in and proclaimed the home team had the choice of jersey to wear. [44] Additionally, in the 2021 Anzac Day clash, both Collingwood and Essendon wore predominantly black Anzac Day jumpers, with the only distinction between the teams being Essendon's white shorts, with spectators experiencing difficulty in telling apart the teams. Denmark and Australia also wore their away kits in a group stage match, after Danish player Thomas Delaney revealed in a phone call to a radio station that he is colourblind.[41]. Welcome to the TribLIVE.com California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA) landing page. Tex Schramm began the practice of the Cowboys wearing their white jersey at home in 1964, breaking an unwritten rule that teams should wear colorful jerseys at home. Broncos: 1971 every home game; 1980 vs. Cowboys & Chargers; 1983 vs. Eagles, Raiders & Bengals; 2003 vs. Chargers (Shanahan Uniformgate). The Tigers, Nationals and Yankees all wear their cap insignia on the left breast of their home jerseys, but the city name on their away jerseys. While those elements add to the overall look of the Super Bowl, one understated color has an underrated impact on the game: white. Chargers: 1971 every home game; 1978-1983 every home game; 1985 vs. Seahawks, Browns, Chiefs and Broncos; 1986 vs. Cowboys; 1990 vs. This tradition dates back to the early days of the NFL when only white uniforms were allowed. Rams: 1964-1971 every home game; 1972 vs. Saints and 49ers; 1978 vs. [71], England used an all-black second kit at the 2011 World Cup, which caused controversy in the host nation, as black is the home colour of New Zealand. The home team alternates between conferences each year and gets to choose its uniforms, leaving the away team to settle on a contrasting jersey. [37], At the 2014 World Cup, Croatia were allowed to wear red-and-white checked shirts, instead of blue, against Brazil, only after Croatia appealed FIFA's original decision. The reasons for their failure may have been inherent to the whole project. [30] Clubs sometimes needed to find makeshift third kits for their players. This rule was later abandoned in favour of one stipulating that all teams must have a second set of shirts in a different colour available. All content 2000-2023 RealGM, L.L.C. 15 clubs have chosen to wear their white jerseys at home throughout the first seven weeks of the season. That streak came to a halt when the Eagles got revenge on the Patriots in Super Bowl LII. 4 min read. I saw someone else comment that, but they seemed to be ignored so figured I'd add it again. Super Bowl rules later changed to allow the designated home team to pick their choice of jersey.
Why Teams in White Super Bowl Jerseys Hold an Advantage Click here if you wish to opt out and view the full site. The combination of colors that the franchise chooses will be worn by countless generations of players and fans, will be attached to almost all merchandise sold, and will come to represent the entire city of the franchise. Website design and hosting provided by Astroluxe Innovations. Saints: 1967-1968 every home game; 1971-1974 every home game; 1975 vs. Bengals, Packers, Vikings and Falcons; 1976 vs. Oilers; 1981 & 1982 every home game; 2000 NFC WCG vs. Rams; 2001 (black pants) every home game except vs. Redskins and 49ers; 2002 if you can count this they wore old gold jerseys and black pants vs. the Vikings; 2006 vs. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. This convention continued well after its original premise was nullified by the issuance of multiple uniforms and the growth of the laundromat industry. The priorities of kits are ranked as follows: M.22.1. What are Apple Podcasts Subscriptions and Channels? Through 56 editions of the Super Bowl, the team that wore white jerseys lifted the Lombardi Trophy a resounding 36 times. The owners of a franchise may choose whichever colors they want to represent their team colors, and furthermore no NFL rule limits the number of colors a franchise can combine. The Dallas Cowboys' blue jersey has been popularly viewed to be "jinxed" because of defeats at Super Bowl V in 1971 (when they were assigned to wear their blue jerseys as the designated 'home' team[10]), and in the 1968 divisional playoffs at Cleveland, Don Meredith's final game as a Cowboys player. Despite becoming the second team to play a Super Bowl in their home stadium, the Los Angeles Rams will be the "away" team for Super Bowl LVI. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment.
Joe Montana's 2-time Super Bowl jersey sells for record auction price Jets and Patriots; 1987 vs. Chiefs, Bills, Steelers and Colts; 1988 vs. Packers, Vikings, Chargers, Jets and Colts; 1989 every home game except vs. Patriots (vs. Bills and Jets in green pants); 1990 (switched to green pants as default w/white jerseys) vs. Bills, Jets, Cardinals, Seahawks and Colts (wore aqua in AFC WCG vs. Chiefs); 1991 vs. Colts, Packers, Oilers, Bucs and Jets; 1992 vs. Rams, Falcons, Patriots, Colts and Oilers (wore aqua in AFC DPG vs. Chargers but wore white in AFC CG vs. Bills); 1993 vs. Occasionally, teams playing against Dallas at home wear their white jerseys to attempt to invoke the "curse",[13] as when the Philadelphia Eagles hosted the Cowboys in the 1980 NFC Championship Game.
2006 - 2023 Inconspicuous, LLC. Basketball is governed under NCAA regulations. The last time this happened it was because the home team wanted to wear an alternate jersey and the color was too close to the away team's away jersey, so they had the visiting team wear their home colors.
Why do most NFL teams wear white jerseys at home and away games? In the NHL each team is currently required to have two uniform designs: one with a white base (or sometimes historically, a light colour), and one with a darker-coloured base. This tradition fit the needs of "home/away" distinctions necessary for black-and-white television. The Cleveland Browns wore white for every home game of the 1955 season. on Uni Watch? Through 56 editions of the Super Bowl, the team that wore white jerseys lifted the Lombardi Trophy a resounding 36 times. Also, why do home teams wear white uniforms? ", "New Scotland alternate kit unveiled (24/09/14)", "France rugby team to wear red against Scotland", "International Rules GAA Shop By Team", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Away_colours&oldid=1142686133, This page was last edited on 3 March 2023, at 21:01. In 1916, on the New York Giants' road uniforms, purple lines gave their uniforms a tartan-like effect and another kind of road uniform was a solid dark blue or black material with white around this time. 1st priority: the outfield players of the home club who shall wear their home strip; M.22.2. Home teams in some leagues and competitions may also have the option to wear away colours at certain home games, and the away team then has to wear the opposite (if applicable).
Why Oklahoma State basketball coach Mike Boynton feels new practice The use of only white shorts to distinguish between home and away teams has been criticised for not providing sufficient distinction between teams that play in similar colours or guernsey designs. The last time this happened it was because the home team wanted to wear an alternate jersey and the color was too close to the away team's away jersey, so they had the visiting team wear their home colors.
Why teams in white Super Bowl jerseys hold an advantage It may be due to the fact that NFL teams wear different jerseys when they play in their stadium or it could be because of the teams history.
The Cincinnati Reds were known as the "Red Legs" and "Red Stockings" during the early 1900s. For example, the Arizona Cardinals wear red and white, yet the color of their alternate jersey is black. Close similarities in the colors are OK (for example, the Chicago Bears and Denver Broncos are very similar), but picking the identical color combination of another franchise could result in confusion and, more importantly to the franchise, lawsuits.
Uniform Inspections | NFL Football Operations This stems partly from teams touring overseas; it was easier for the home side to get an alternate kit. What follows is a team-by-team breakdown listing every instance of an NFL team wearing white at home since 1957 (for further info on NFL uniform history, check out the Gridiron Uniform Database): Bears: 2005 vs. Lions, 2006 vs. Lions, 2007 vs. Chiefs, 2010 vs. Lions, Bengals: 1970 every home game; 1971 every home game except vs. Oilers and Chargers; 1977 vs. Broncos; 1978 vs. Saints; 1979 vs. Patriots, Oilers and Steelers; 1980 vs. Bucs, Steelers, Oilers and Vikings; 1981 vs. Seahawks, Browns, Bills and Steelers; 1982 vs. Oilers; 1983 vs. This change prevents confusion for officials, players, and spectators. Is that just a coincidence, and does history influence what color a team chooses to wear in the game? Theres no special justification for this, other than that its required by each sports rule book. 2nd priority: the outfield players of the . The Australian Football League legislates that the home team has the right to choose what home colours they play in for home games during the home and away season.
Why Do the Dallas Cowboys Always Wear White at Home? [45] In some cases, individual clubs may have informal agreements around what guernsey designs to wear in order to avoid clashes. The white-clad home teams are 16-14 in those contests. Buccaneers and Eagles, 2007 vs. Packers, 2008 vs. 49ers, 2009 vs. Wearing white absorbed less heat, and it also meant opponents who had to wear their team colors. Some teams have alternate home uniforms featuring location such as the Colorado Rockies and St. Louis Cardinals. Raiders, 2010 vs. Saints. Several club and national sides have favourite away colours which might remain the same more or less continuously. The only caution a franchise should be aware of when picking team colors is that the colors must not already be taken, and therefore trademarked, by another NFL team. Until 198990,[29] its competition rules stated: "Where the colours of the two competing clubs are similar, both clubs must change unless alternative arrangements are mutually agreed by the competing clubs". England reverted to red away shirts against West Germany.